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Great Stirrup Controversy
The Great Stirrup Controversy is the academic debate about the Stirrup Thesis, the theory that feudalism in Europe was largely the result of the introduction of the stirrup to cavalry.〔Farndon, John (2010). The world's greatest idea the fifty greatest ideas that have changed humanity. London: Icon Books. ISBN 9781848312487.〕 〔Stix, Gary. "The Stirrup". ''Scientific American'' 301 (3) p.78〕 It relates to the hypothesis suggested by Lynn Townsend White, Jr. in his 1962 book, ''Medieval Technology and Social Change.'' White believed that the stirrup enabled heavy cavalry and shock combat, which in turn prompted the Carolingian dynasty of the 8th and 9th centuries to organize their territory into a vassalage system, in which these mounted warriors were rewarded with land grants for their service. White's book has proved very influential, but he has also been accused of speculation, oversimplification, and ignoring contradictory evidence on the subject. Other scholars have debated whether the stirrup actually provided the impetus for this social change, or if the rise of heavy cavalry was a result of political changes in Medieval Europe.
== White's hypothesis ==
White begins by tracing the research of the 19th century German historian Heinrich Brunner, who claimed that the switch to mounted warfare occurred after a battle with the Saracen army in 732. Brunner pointed out that Pepin the Short began demanding horses as tribute from the Saxons in 758, citing this as evidence of an increasingly cavalry-dependent army.〔 Brunner also claimed that the Muslim incursion into Europe prompted Charles Martel to confiscate church lands to support a cavalry.〔 White used linguistic changes and evidence of a drastic change in weapons to support his claim that this change to mounted shock combat occurred in the early 8th century.〔 He claimed that the ''francisca'' (Frankish throwing ax) was replaced by longswords and lances — weapons designed to be used from horseback. The lance, White says, is the strongest evidence that the Franks had adopted the stirrup by this time.〔 He further claimed: "The feudal class of the European Middle Ages existed to be armed horsemen, cavaliers fighting in a particular manner which was made possible by the stirrup."〔 He believed that the stirrup had made the knight.
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